Bio-205L Microbiology Lab- Full Course Discussions: Topic 1- Topic 7
Topic 1
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 1: The Microbial World: Laboratory Safety, the Ubiquity and Dissemination of Microbes, and Microscopy
After participating in this topic, students will be able to work safely in a microbiology laboratory, demonstrate the ubiquity of microorganisms, track the dissemination of a bacterial disease, and view bacteria using a microscope.
Objectives:
- Identify the guidelines for safety in the laboratory.
- Examine the ubiquity of microorganisms in the environment.
- Evaluate the transmission of diseases from one person to another.
- Identify the different parts of the microscope and describe their functions.
- Describe the morphology and arrangement of bacteria with low, high-dry, and oil immersion objectives using the bright field microscope.
- Identify blood cells using a bright-field microscope.
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Summary of Current Course Content Knowledge
Assessment Description:
Academic engagement through active participation in instructional activities related to the course objectives is paramount to your success in this course and future courses. Through interaction with your instructor and classmates, you will explore the course material and be provided with the best opportunity for objective and competency mastery. To begin this class, review the course objectives for each Topic, and then answer the following questions as this will help guide your instructor for course instruction.
- Which weekly objectives do you have prior knowledge of and to what extent?
- Which weekly objectives do you have no prior knowledge of?
- What course-related topics would you like to discuss with your instructor and classmates? What questions or concerns do you have about this course?
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Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Class Introductions
Assessment Description:
Take a moment to explore your new classroom and introduce yourself to your fellow classmates. What are you excited about learning? What do you think will be most challenging?
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Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 1 DQ
Assessment Description:
If the same bacterial species is detected on the floor and on the skin, should a person be concerned that they have picked up a pathogen? Why or why not?
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Topic 2
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 2: Methods of Culture Transfer, Pure Culture Isolation, and Antimicrobial Testing (Online - Bacterial Staining)
Manipulation of Microorganisms - Methods of Culture Transfer, Pure Culture Isolation, and Antimicrobial Testing: After participating in this lab, students will be able to use aseptic technique to transfer bacteria from one medium to another, use the streak-plate method to isolate bacterial colonies, and use the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay to test for bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics, antiseptics, and disinfectants. The results of antimicrobial testing can help determine if a bacterial isolate is susceptible or resistant to various antibiotics, and may help direct a clinician to an effective treatment. (Online) Bacterial Staining: After participating in this topic, students will be able to perform simple stains and several differential staining techniques that are used to observe unique molecules and structures found in various bacterial genera. The Gram stain, which aids in differentiating bacterial cell wall structure, the acid-fast stain, which detects mycobacteria, and the endospore stain, which detects endospore-forming bacteria, are useful for identification of these unique microorganisms.
Objectives:
- Demonstrate the aseptic transfer of bacteria from broth culture to agar slant media, or from an agar slant culture to broth media.
- Demonstrate the isolation and purification of bacteria using the streak-plate method.
- Describe the cultural characteristic of bacterial species growth based on macroscopic appearance in slant, plate, and broth media.
- Determine the zone of inhibition caused by various antibiotics.
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 2 DQ 1
Assessment Description:
Describe a bacterial pathogen that possesses one of the following: a) Gram-positive cell wall, b) Gram-negative cell wall, c) can produce an endospore, or d) possesses a capsule. Where does the pathogen that you picked grow in the human body when it causes disease? Include relevant references.
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Topic 3
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 3: Bacterial Staining (Online - Manipulation of Microorganisms - Methods of Culture Transfer, Pure Culture Isolation, and Antimicrobial Testing
Bacterial Staining: After participating in this topic, students will be able to perform simple stains and several differential staining techniques that are used to observe unique molecules and structures found in various bacterial genera. The Gram stain, which aids in differentiating bacterial cell wall structure, the acid-fast stain, which detects mycobacteria, and the endospore stain, which detects endospore-forming bacteria, are useful for identification of these unique microorganisms. (Online) Manipulation of Microorganisms - Methods of Culture Transfer, Pure Culture Isolation, and Antimicrobial Testing: After participating in this lab, students will be able to use aseptic technique to transfer bacteria from one medium to another, use the streak-plate method to isolate bacterial colonies, and use the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay to test for bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics, antiseptics, and disinfectants. The results of antimicrobial testing can help determine if a bacterial isolate is susceptible or resistant to various antibiotics, and may help direct a clinician to an effective treatment.
Objectives:
- Describe the rationale for the steps required to prepare a bacterial smear.
- Compare and contrast the staining characteristics of three species of bacteria using positive and negative staining techniques.
- Name four positive stains and two negative stains, and explain how their chemical charge affects staining of bacteria.
- Describe the morphology and cellular arrangement of two species of bacteria.
- Describe the steps of a Gram stain, and illustrate the type of cell wall structure present in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cell walls.
- Identify two acid-fast positive and two acid-fast negative bacteria, and describe the method and steps used in an acid-fast stain.
- Explain why the unique molecule found in the cell wall of an acid-fast positive bacterium causes this bacterial genus to be difficult to stain.
- Describe the method and steps of an endospore stain, and illustrate the staining characteristics of endospores and vegetative cells.
- Identify three bacterial species that form endospores and describe the disease caused by each one.
- Identify the distinguishing chemical found in the coat of endospores and explain its significance in the resistance of endospores to various chemicals/treatments.
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 3 DQ 1
Assessment Description:
Search through news articles or reports (within the past 5 years) on hospital infections that were caused due to a lack of aseptic technique. What happened to cause the spread of the pathogen? How could it have been prevented? Include references to your news article.
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Topic 4
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 4: Bacterial Genetics and Midterm Exam
Some bacterial species have been found to take in DNA from the environment, and the newly acquired DNA may give them a selective advantage. Scientists can take advantage of this phenomenon by purposely transforming bacteria or inducing them to take up DNA. This method is used to study gene function and gene expression in bacteria and can have clinical relevance when bacteria take up an antibiotic resistance gene. Clinicians routinely take samples from patients, and if a microorganism is present in a patient sample, its genome is also present. To detect and identify the microorganism, scientists can assay for the presence of an organism's DNA using a powerful molecular biology and diagnostic technique known as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products can be analyzed using agarose DNA gel electrophoresis. Students will complete the midterm exam at the end of this topic.
Objectives:
- Describe the method of bacterial transformation with plasmid DNA.
- List the DNA sequences/genes present on the pGLO plasmid and explain the function of each.
- Illustrate and interpret the phenotypic traits of transformed bacteria observed on non-selective and selective media.
- List the components needed to set up a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction.
- Describe the three steps in a PCR cycle illustrating what happens in each step using DNA, primers, and Taq DNA polymerase.
- Explain how PCR cycles create copies of target DNA.
- Explain the theory of agarose DNA gel electrophoresis, analyze a PCR reaction using agarose DNA gel electrophoresis, and illustrate and describe the results.
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 4 DQ 1
Assessment Description:
Patients can be infected with various bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. Identify one of these organisms from patient samples using the polymerase chain reaction. What tissue is the sample taken from, and what must be done to prepare a PCR reaction? You may base your answer on the laboratory protocol listed in the online lab, "Bacterial Genetics: Transformation and Confirmation Using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Agarose DNA Gel Electrophoresis."
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Topic 5
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 5: Identification of Unknown Bacteria
Clinicians need reliable methods to determine the identity of bacteria that have been isolated from patients. Staining methods, media-based tests, and biochemical tests are all used to determine the genus and species of unknown bacteria.
Objectives:
- Identify an unknown microorganism from a given broth culture using various selective media.
- Perform an isolation streak of an unknown bacterium, and describe the color, shape, and margin of the resulting colonies.
- Explain the steps used in a Gram stain and describe the cell wall structure, morphology, and arrangement of an unknown bacteria.
- List the selective and differential components present in any media used, and explain the function of each selective and/or differential component.
- Explain the biochemical test, identify the enzyme for which the biochemical test is assaying, and interpret the results.
- Describe the rapid membrane test used on an unknown bacterium, and interpret the results.
- Determine the genus and species of an unknown bacterium using the dichotomous key.
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 5 DQ 1
Assessment Description:
A number of tests are used to identify a bacterial pathogen taken from human patients. Research and describe a biochemical test that is used to help determine of the genus and species of a bacteria. What bacterial types are usually identified with the use of the test you chose?
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Topic 6
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 6: Microorganisms and Humans: Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Pathogenic Eukaryotes
Numerous types of microorganisms are known to cause disease in humans. It is important to understand the morphology and staining characteristics of microorganisms obtained from patient samples. Clinicians also need reliable methods to determine if a patient has been infected with a microorganism. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is an antibody-based assay that can be used to directly detect the presence of an organism in a sample, or to detect antibodies specific to an organism in a patient sample.
Objectives:
- Compare and contrast the morphological characteristics of various pathogenic bacteria, and explore the role of these bacteria in human diseases.
- Perform ELISA to detect the presence of an antigen from a pathogen.
- Analyze the morphology and structure of trophozoite, cyst, and other forms of eukaryotic microorganisms that cause diseases.
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 6 DQ 1
Assessment Description:
Choose a bacteria, virus, fungus, or protozoa that causes disease in humans. Describe how the disease is diagnosed and treated.
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Topic 7
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 7: Disease Presentation and Final Exam
When studying a disease, microbiologists need to know the causative agent of the disease, understand the symptoms and pathogenesis, study how the disease spreads, and learn how to treat or prevent the disease. Students will complete the final exam in this topic.
Objectives:
- Determine the signs and symptoms, causative agent, pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of a disease caused by an infectious agent.
Bio-205L Microbiology Lab - Topic 7 DQ 1
Assessment Description:
Describe a habit that you are going to implement when you become a nurse that will protect you and your patients from being infected by pathogenic microorganisms.
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